Mouth and Mucous Membranes

alcoholism

beefy tongue, black hairy tongue, glossitis, leukoplakia, parotid swelling

beefy tongue

glossitis due to vitamin B deficiency; alcoholism, pernicious anemia

Biederman’s sign

dark red color of anterior pillars of throat; syphilitics (some)

black hairy tongue

hyperplasia of filiform papillae with bacterial overgrowth; alcoholism, systemic illnesses

burning tongue

iron deficiency, pernicious anemia

carp’s mouth

narrowed mouth width; Plummer-Vinson s.

cerebriform tongue

deep rugate fissures of tongue; pemphigus vegetans (Hallopeau)

Chadwick’s sign

dark blue or purple color of vaginal mucosa; pregnancy

chelitis

actinic prurigo, artichokes, beta blockers, dentrifices, glucagonoma s., idiopathic calcinosis cutis, oranges, Kawasaki’s d., lipstick, mangos

chelitis, angular

acrodermatitis enteropathica, atopic dermatitis, Candida, Down s., hypersalivation, mechanical, Plummer-Vinson s., protein deficiency, riboflavin deficiency, S. aureus infection, Streptococcal infection

cobblestone, lips

idiopathic calcinosis cutis

cobblestone oral mucosa

Cowden d., Crohn d., Darier d.

Corrigan’s sign

purple line at junction of teeth & gum; chronic copper poisoning

erosions

erythema multiforme, lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus

fissured tongue

geographic tongue (20%), Melkersson-Rosenthal triad

Forscheimer spots

pinpoint rose colored macules & petechiae on soft palate; rubella

gingival hyperplasia

epilepsy, HSM, acute leukemia, medications, mental retardation, nail hypoplasia, sensorineural hearing loss, Zimmerman-Laband s.

gingival pigmentation

amalgam tattoo, azidothymidine, betel nut chewing, bismuth, heavy metals, minocycline, phenolphthalein, quinacrine, silver nitrate, tattooing, tobacco chewing,

gingivitis

Chediak-Higashi s., diabetes mellitus, Herpes simplex, Letterer-Siwe d., leukocyte adhesion s., lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, neutropenia, rosacea, scurvy

gingivitis, desquamative

cicatricial pemphigoid, lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris

gingivitis, marginal

cyclic neutropenia

glossitis

alcoholism, biotin deficiency, Candida, carcinoid s., secondary lues, folic acid deficiency, geographic tongue, giant cell arteritis, griseofulvin ingestion, hypertrichosis lanuginosa, median rhomboid glossitis, necrolytic migratory erythema, Plummer-Vinson s., primary amyloidosis, tricyclic administration, penicillamine, vitamin B1 deficiency, vitamin B2 deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, zinc deficiency

glossodynia

painful tongue; folate deficiency, geographic tongue, vitamin B12 deficiency

glossopyrosis

burning tongue;

gum hypertrophy

Cross-McKusick-Breen s., Darier’s d., dilantin administration, juvenile hyaline fibromatosis, mercury administration

hairy leukoplakia

HIV, immunosuppression

Koplik spots

white spots on buccal mucosa; measles, coxsackievirus A16, echovirus 9

Krisovski’s sign

cicatricial lines radiating from the mouth; congenital syphilis

lead lines

blue-black macule on gingiva margin from insoluble sulfide salts; bismuth therapy, lead intoxication

lentigo; lips

Albright’s s., Laugier-Hunziger s., neurofibromatosis, Peutz-Jeghers s., labial melanotic macule

leukokeratosis

gray-white thickening of oral mucous membrane; pachyonychia congenita (60%)

leukoplakia

alcoholism, dyskeratosis congenita

Cowden’s d., Down s., idiopathic (autosomal dominant), Melkersson-Rosenthal s.

macroglossia

acromegaly, amyloid (systemic), Beckwith-Wiedeman s., Down s., gangliosidosis, Hurlers, hypothyroidism, Morateux-Lamy s., mucopolysaccharidoses, Robinow s., sarcoidosis, Sturge-Weber s.

oral melanosis

Addison’s d., Albright’s s., amalgam tattoo, bismuth, lead, Peutz-Jeghers s., Riehl’s melanosis

oral pain

pemphigus vulgaris

pigment, intraoral

amalgam tattoos, oral melanoacanthoma, Peutz-Jeghers s., Addison’s d., hemochromatosis, neurofibromatosis

raspberry tongue

strawberry tongue

scrotal tongue (lingua plicata)

Cowden’s d., Down s., idiopathic (autosomal dominant), Melkersson-Rosenthal s.

smooth tongue

vitamin B deficiency

sore tongue

pernicious anemia

stomatitis

acute atrophic oral candidiasis, cancrum oris, glucagonoma, griseofulvin, Kawasaki’s s., lazy leukocyte s., 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, penicillamine administration, Reiter’s s., Stevens-Johnson s., tricyclic administration

stomatodynia

painful mouth

stomatopyrosis

burning mouth

strawberry gingivitis

Wegener’s granulomatosis (pathognomonic)

strawberry tongue

hyperplastic lingual papillae; Kawasaki’s s., scarlet fever, TSS

thrush

oral candidiasis; antibiotic use, diabetes mellitus, HIV, infants, steroid use,

tongue, atrophic

achlorhydria, ariboflavinosis, cardiac disease, iron deficiency anemia, malabsorption, megaloblastic anemia, pellagra, Plummer-Vinson s., pernicious anemia

tongue, beefy red

cobalamin deficiency, glucagonoma s.

tooth pit

punctate tooth enamel defect; tuberous sclerosis (>4 teeth)

white strawberry tongue

white coating with reddened hypertrophied papillae protruding through; scarlet fever

Wickham’s striae

reticulate white lines on papules & buccal mucosa; lichen planus

xerostomia

aging, medications, RA, Sjögren’s s.